Definition–What is neutralizing antibody (NAb)? A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that is responsible for defending cells from pathogens, which are organisms that cause disease. They are produced naturally by the body as part of its immune response, and their production is triggered by both infections and vaccinations against infections1. A neutralising antibody rapid […]
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Drug discovery against infectious disease requires the standard biological assays. The biological assay for viral disease is depends on the infection of cultured cells with virus and observation of its effect by microscopic techniques, viral load quantification using plaque assay, or reverse transcription-PCR. This conventional method is time consuming and limits the screening of large […]
Measles virus (MeV) neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Measles virus (MeV) causes an extremely transmissible respiratory disease and it has also been used as an oncolytic platform. MeV enter into the cells through the cellular receptors such as SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule) and PVRL4 (poliovirus receptor-like 4) (nectin-4). Hence, the antibodies against PVRL4 could block measles virus infections. […]
The repeated units of protein monomer on the VLP surface are a strong immunogen. Compared to subunit peptides or proteins, epitopes on the VLPs surface have the natural structure to stimulate the B- and T-cell immune response. Moreover, repetitive epitope on the surface of VLPs stimulate the strong adaptive immunity without the help of adjuvants. […]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a main source of health-care related infections, including pneumonia and infections associated with urinary tract, wounds, burns, and the bloodstream. P. aeruginosa invades the eukaryotic host cells through the type III secretion system (T3SS). This T3SS helps the bacteria to translocate effector proteins directly into host cells. Mammalian immune […]
Virus like particles (VLP) for drug delivery VLPs are striking agent to deliver drugs, small molecules or nucleic acids due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and targeted delivery. Different cargo-loading techniques have been used for loading either inside or outside the capsid. Different packaging system has been shown in fig. 2. Disassembly/reassembly of VLPs or in […]
Human endogenous retroviral envelope protein HERV-W-Env neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Temelimab (formerly called GNbAC1) is an immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody that targets the human endogenous retroviral envelope protein HERV-W-Env, shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). By neutralizing HERV-W-Env, temelimab […]
A transmembrane protein (TM) is an integral membrane protein, which are embedded in the cell membrane. The transmembrane region, which directly interacts with the phospholipid bilayer and act as gateways to transport of specific substances across the membrane through signal pathways and cell metabolism. They regularly endure significant conformational changes to move a substance through the membrane. TM are highly hydrophobic, which aggregate […]
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes life-threatening illness in immunosuppressed patients. HCMV envelope proteins viz. glycoprotein B (gB), gH, gL, gO and UL128/UL130/UL131A are essential for the fusion of virus with the host plasma membranes to enter into the host cell. The gB protein is the direct mediator of cell fusion […]
Structure of capsid proteins is important to stimulate the immune response and it is depended on the post translational modification of different expression systems. The various expression systems such as prokaryotic (bacteria, yeast) or eukaryotic (baculovirus/insect cell, mammalian cell and plant) have been used to produce the VLP. In addition, cell-free expression systems have also […]
