Nanobodies are frequently compared to polyclonal, monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, and small molecules. The production of nanobodies is simple and cost effective compared to the polyclonal antibodies. Besides, Nbs are stable in a wide range of temperatures and pH levels. Nanobodies are also compatible with genetic engineering methods, which allow scaffolding and alteration of amino […]
Nanobodies have been used for both diagnostic and therapeutic application due to its high stability, refoldability, and manipulable characteristics. In addition, VHH has been effectively used as a research tool. In Vitro Diagnostic Tests Nbs have been recommended for both in vitro as well as in vivo diagnostic tests. Early diagnosis of both infection and […]
The production of nanobody primarily required to select a camelid animal for immunization for about 5–10 weeks. The effector B cells are extracted from the plasma peripheral lymph blood of the immunized camel to isolate the total RNA and cDNA synthesis for sequencing. Phage display technology is used to screen the specific binding ability of […]
Nanobody (Nb) is the smallest natural antigen-specific binding functional fragment of about 12~15 kb (Figure 2D). The molecular weight of Nb is smaller than the monoclonal antibody mAb (~150 kb), Fab fragment (~55 kb) or HcAb (~90 kb) Figure 1A–C. Former study showed that these nanobodies can be genetically engineered from the heavy-chain antibody derived from camelids […]
Rat-mouse hybrid IgG is a monoclonal antibody with binding sites for two different antigens, typically CD3 and a tumor antigen, making it a type of bispecific monoclonal antibody. In addition, its intact Fc-part can bind to an fc receptor on accessory cells like conventional monospecific antibodies. The net effect is that this type of drug […]
Full product list of Fc receptor (FcR) and immunoglobulin GeneMedi provides various Fc receptor (FcR), including FcγRI (CD64), FcγRIIA (CD32a), FcγRIIB (CD32b), FcγRIIC (CD32c), FcγRIIIA (CD16a), FcγRIIIB (CD16b), FcγRIII(CD16), FcγRIV, FcRn, TRIM21, FcRL1, FcRL4, FcRL5, FcαRI (CD89), PolyIgR, Fcα/uR (CD351), FcuR, FcεRI, FcεRII (CD23) in human, Cynomolgus/ Rhesus macaque, or mouse. Historically, these receptors have […]
The basic engineering procedure for a VLP construction consists of three main steps: (A) cloning and expression of VLP in the expression system, (B) purification of VLP, and (C) formulation. The first step in VLP production is to clone the viral structural genes of interest and expressed in different expression systems including, prokaryotic (bacteria, yeast) […]
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly structured protein complexes that resemble a native virus capsid ranging 20–800 nm. It is made up of one or more different molecules with the ability to self-assemble and mimicking the form and size of a virus devoid of viral genome and are therefore non-infectious. VLPs in general can be either enveloped […]
Bridge of 2 cells (engagers) By binding with 2 antigens from 2 different cells, the BsAbs can physically link them together, thus these kinds of BsAbs are named “engagers”. The redirecting of immune cells to tumor cells by the engagers makes the immune cell activated and then eliminate the target cells. The T cell engagers […]
Formats of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) Many formats have been developed for BsAb generation as listed in the following table. Pipeline and MOA (mechanism of action) of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) Bridge of 2 cells (engagers) By binding with 2 antigens from 2 different cells, the BsAbs can physically link them together, thus these kinds of BsAbs […]
