Technical briefing 16 18 June 2021 This briefing provides an update on previous briefings up to 11 June 2021 Summary There are 4 current variants of concern and 8 variants under investigation (Table 1). This report has been published to continue to share detailed surveillance of Delta (VOC21APR-02, B.1.617.2). A separate report is published covering […]
Technical briefing 15 11 June 2021 This briefing provides an update on previous briefings up to 3 June 2021 Summary There are 4 variants of concern and 8 variants under investigation (Table 1). This report has been published to continue to share detailed surveillance of Delta (VOC21APR-02, B.1.617.2). A separate report is published covering our […]
Definition–What is neutralizing antibody (NAb)? Regarding neutralizing antibody activity, Neutralization can be achieved through four main mechanisms2: (1)NAbs binding to viral surface proteins and blocking their interaction with the host cell receptor and infection; (2)NAbs binding to viral protein epitopes that interact with host cell coreceptors that are key for viral infection; (3)NAbs binding to viral […]
How to produce neutralizing antibody (NAb) (production) Antibodies are made by B-cells in the bone marrow. Bone marrow has been long thought to be a hematopoietic organ. When B-cells are created, they begin to produce antibodies that will bind to specific antigens. Antigen-specific antibody producing, long-term lived plasma cells are largely found in the bone […]
Definition–What is neutralizing antibody (NAb)? A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that is responsible for defending cells from pathogens, which are organisms that cause disease. They are produced naturally by the body as part of its immune response, and their production is triggered by both infections and vaccinations against infections1. A neutralising antibody rapid […]
Drug discovery against infectious disease requires the standard biological assays. The biological assay for viral disease is depends on the infection of cultured cells with virus and observation of its effect by microscopic techniques, viral load quantification using plaque assay, or reverse transcription-PCR. This conventional method is time consuming and limits the screening of large […]
Measles virus (MeV) neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Measles virus (MeV) causes an extremely transmissible respiratory disease and it has also been used as an oncolytic platform. MeV enter into the cells through the cellular receptors such as SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule) and PVRL4 (poliovirus receptor-like 4) (nectin-4). Hence, the antibodies against PVRL4 could block measles virus infections. […]
The repeated units of protein monomer on the VLP surface are a strong immunogen. Compared to subunit peptides or proteins, epitopes on the VLPs surface have the natural structure to stimulate the B- and T-cell immune response. Moreover, repetitive epitope on the surface of VLPs stimulate the strong adaptive immunity without the help of adjuvants. […]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections neutralizing antibodies (NAb) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a main source of health-care related infections, including pneumonia and infections associated with urinary tract, wounds, burns, and the bloodstream. P. aeruginosa invades the eukaryotic host cells through the type III secretion system (T3SS). This T3SS helps the bacteria to translocate effector proteins directly into host cells. Mammalian immune […]
Virus like particles (VLP) for drug delivery VLPs are striking agent to deliver drugs, small molecules or nucleic acids due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and targeted delivery. Different cargo-loading techniques have been used for loading either inside or outside the capsid. Different packaging system has been shown in fig. 2. Disassembly/reassembly of VLPs or in […]
