Comparison of commonly used viral vector-based vaccines
Comparison of commonly used viral vector-based vaccines
Viral vector-based vaccines can provoke innate and adaptative immune responses in host system besides the transgene antigens, which makes them preferred during vaccine design and development. Nevertheless, the immune responses induced by different viral vectors may have some differences (Table 6). In brief, lentiviral vectors efficiently transduce antigen-presenting cells, but mediate exogenous gene integration into host genome, showing promising prospects as vaccine vectors, especially for the prevention of hematopoietic diseases. Adenoviral vectors induce high immune responses but have pre-existing immunity, exhibiting great promise in vaccine generation and gene therapy against cancers. Whereas, AAV vectors, just inducing mild immune responses and having a large number of serotypes, are the most excellent gene therapy vector but not very suitable to be vaccine vectors (Table 7).
| Enveloped virus containing capsid and ~10-kb ssRNA genome | Capsid; 36-kb dsDNA genome | Capsid, 5-kb ssDNA genome (or ~2.5-kb scDNA genome) | |
| Strong IFNα/β response limits transduction and drives adaptive responses | Potent innate response, including activation of vascular endothelial cells and platelets, inflammatory cytokine production, and macrophage cell death | Comparatively weak and transient innate response; TLR9 signaling promotes CD8+ T cell responses; complement activation and other immunotoxicities seen in some patients receiving high-dose systemic gene transfer | |
| Low pre-existing immunity | Pre-existing immunity to human serotypes | Pre-existing immunity varies between serotypes and geographic location | |
| In vivo transduction of antigen presenting cells | Efficient | Efficient | Inefficient |
| Targeting of dendritic cells for vaccine development | Vaccine and cancer gene therapy applications | Limited | |
| NAB formation; possibly T cell responses to envelope protein | NAB formation; CD8+ T cell responses to viral gene products (except for high-capacity vectors) | NAB formation; CD8+ T cell responses to capsid | |
| Efficient inducer of B and T cell responses unless transgene expression is tightly controlled by miRNA and promoter and expression is professional APCs is eliminated | Efficient inducer of CD8+ T cell responses; antibody formation possible | Least efficient inducer of CD8+ T cells compared to Ad and LV; risk of CD8+ T cell and antibody responses highly variable depending on vector design and dose, route of administration, and host factors |
| Medium | Highest | Mild | |
| ① mediating long-term and stable exogenous gene expression by integrating into the host genome; ② great packaging capacity; ③ highly efficient in transfection in both diving cells to non-dividing cells; ④ low pre-existing immunity | ① well tolerated with no obvious influences on the cell viability after infection; ② great packaging capacity (up to 8kb); ③ broad range of infectivity; ④ high infection efficiency; ⑤ no integration ability into the host genome; ⑥ inducing a wide variety of immune responses. | ① superior biosafety rating; ② stable physical properties; ③ broad range of infectivity; ④ mediate long term and stable antigen gene expression. | |
| ① some risk of tumorigenesis; ② the virulence of vector backbone may raise some safety concern | ① inducing transient expression of antigen; ② pre-existing immunity and neutralizing antibodies (NAB); ③ recombinant Ad5-based vectors may have hepatotoxicity | ① limited cloning capacity ; ② only inducing mild immunity; ③ pre-existing immunity and neutralizing antibodies (NAB) | |
| Medium | Highest | Lowest | |
| Suitable | Most suitable | Not suitable |
GeneMedi provides professional services on viral packaging, you could find more information on the following website: https://www.genemedi.com/.
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